کارشناسی
ارشد رشته آموزش زبان انگلیسی درباره پیشرفت درک مطلب شنیداری
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement
X
Abstract
XI
List of
Tables
XII
Chapter 1:
Introduction 1
1.1
Overview
1
1.2 Statement of the Problem and
Purpose of the Study 5
1.3 Significance and
Justification of the Study 6
1.4 Research
Questions
7
1.5 Research
Hypotheses
8
1.6 What Is Known About
Listening 8
1.7 What Is Known About Authentic
Materials 10
1.8 Definition of Important
Terms 12
1.9
Delimitations
13
1.10
Limitations
14
1.11 Organization of the Master
Thesis 14
Chapter 2: Review of
Literature 15
2.1
Introduction
15
2.2 Listening
Comprehension
15
2.2.1 Definition of
Listening 15
2.2.2 Importance of
Listening 17
2.2.2.1 Listening and
Academic Success 18
2.2.2.2 Discovery
Listening 18
2.2.3 Listening as an Academic
Process 20
2.2.3.1 Knowledge
Required for Listening 20
Process
2.2.4 Listening Comprehension versus
Reading 21
Comprehension
2.2.5 Listening
Comprehension 23
2.2.5.1 Authentic and
Listening 23
Comprehension
2.2.5.2 Different Kinds of
Comprehension 24
2.2.5.3 Comprehension Preceding
Production 25
2.2.6 Tasks for Listening
Comprehension 25
2.2.6.1 Performing to
Indicate Understanding 27
2.2.6.2 Teaching
rather than Testing 28
2.2.7 Inner Speech and Language
Learning 29
2.2.7.1 Listening and
Speaking 29
2.2.8 Maturation and Language
Learning 30
2.2.8.1 Vygotsky’s
Zone of Proximal 31
Development
2.2.9 The Role of Background
Knowledge in 32
Learning Language
2.2.9.1 Schema
Theory 32
2.2.9.2 Background
Knowledge/Prior 33
Knowledge
2.2.10 Cultural
Background 35
2.3 Listening and
English-as-a-Foreign-Language Learning 36
2.3.1 The Emergency of
Communicative Language 36
Teaching
2.3.2 Communicative Approach: Some
Principles 38
and Features
2.4 The Use of Aural Authentic
Materials 40
2.4.1 Definitions of Authentic
Materials 40
2.4.2 Authentic Materials and
Language Performance 41
2.4.3 Nature of Authentic
Texts 43
2.4.3.1
Characteristics of Authentic Speech 43
2.4.3.2 Authentic
Speech and Cultural Aspect 44
Chapter 3:
Methodology 46
3.1
Introduction
46
3.2 Summary of the
Study 46
3.2.1
Participants
48
3.2.2 Classroom
Observation 49
3.3 Demographic Data of the
Students 50
3.4 Classroom
Environment 52
3.4.1
Setting
52
3.5 Classroom
Practices
52
3.5.1 Listening Materials
Implemented in Class 52
3.5.2 Class
Procedure 53
3.6 Teacher’s
Pedagogy
54
3.7
Interviews
55
3.7.1 Interviews with
Students 56
3.7.1.1 First
Interview 56
3.7.1.2 Second
Interview 56
3.8 Self-Evaluation
Questionnaire 57
3.9 Language Learning Strategy
Questionnaire 58
3.10 Data
Collection
59
3.11 Analysis of
Data
60
3.12 Validity and
Reliability
63
Chapter 4:
Results 64
4.1
Introduction
64
4.2 Summary of the
Study 64
4.3 Results of the
Study
65
4.3.1 Results for Fundamental Research
Question: 66
Influences of Aural Authentic
Materials
4.3.1.1 Results from the
Interviews with Students 67
4.3.1.2 Results from the Class
Observation 69
4.3.1.3 Results from the
Self-Evaluation 71
Questionnaire
4.3.2 Summary of Findings Related to the
Influences 72
of Aural Authentic Materials
4.3.3 Results for Secondary Research
Question#1: 73
Learning Strategy Use
4.3.3.1 Results from the
Interview with 73
students
4.3.3.2 Results from the Class
Observation 75
4.3.3.3 Results from the Learning
Strategy 76
Questionnaire
4.3.4 Summary of Findings Related
to the Learning 77
Strategy Use
4.3.5 Results for Secondary Research
Question#2: 79
Attitudes towards Language
Learning
4.3.5.1 Results from the Interviews with
79
Students
4.3.6 Summary of Findings Related to the
Students’ 80
Attitudes towards Language
Learning
4.4 Overall Findings of the
Study 80
4.4.1 Students with no Progress in
Listening Ability 81
4.4.2 Students with Progress in
Listening Ability
Chapter 5:
Conclusion 84
5.1
Introduction
84
5.2 Summary of the
study 84
5.3 Discussion of
Results
86
5.3.1 Authenticity of the Listening
Materials 86
5.3.2 Influences of Aural Authentic Materials
on 89
Listening Comprehension
5.3.3 Use of Learning
Strategies 92
5.3.4 Attitudes towards Language
Learning 94
5.4
Conclusions
96
5.5
Recommendations
102
5.5.1 Recommendations for Further
Research 102
5.5.2 Implications for
Teaching 103
Bibliography
105
Appendices
123
Appendix
A
124
Appendix
B
125
Appendix
C
129
Appendix
D
131
Appendix
E
137
Appendix
F
145
Appendix
G
147
Appendix
H
148
Appendix
I
149
Appendix
J
150
Appendix
K
151
Appendix
L
157
چکیده
هدف اصلی تحقیق حاضر بررّسی تأثیر موّاد آموزشی
اصیل بر توانایی شنیداری سی نفر از دانشجویان دوره کارشناسی روانشناسی در کلاس
مطالعه انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی بوده است. هدف دوّم به مشّخص کردن استراتژی های
یادگیری که این دانشجویان استفاده کرده اند و تعیین تأثیر موّاد آموزشی اصیل بر
نگرش آنان نسبت به یادگیری زبان انگلیسی اختصاص یافته است.
تجزیه و تحلیل کمّی و کیفی در تحقیق حاضر ارائه
شده است. این تحقیق به استفاده از موّاد آموزشی اصیل و موقعّیتهای زندگی حقیقی به
عنوان بخشی از روش ارتباطی معطوف شده است. منابع طرّاحی و تحقق آموزش استراتژی موثر
شنیداری و رونوشت نوار ویدیویی یک جلسه یک ساعته ثبت و ضبط و مطالعه آماری شد.
نتایج آزمون نهایی درک مطلب شنیداری با آزمون اوّلیه با استفاده از آزمون t-test
دو جانبه (2-tailed) مورد بررّسی و مطالعه آماری قرار گرفت. میانگین استفاده
استراتژی با استفاده از آزمون ANOVA یک جانبه (one-way) بررّسی و مطالعه آماری
شد. نتایج بررّسی داده های کیفی تأیید کننده و هماهنگ با نتایج کمّی بود. تجزیه و
تحلیل مصاحبه ها و پرسش نامه ها نشان داد که استفاده از موّاد اموزشی اصیل در کلاس
انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی به افزایش میزان آرامش و اعتماد به نفس آنان در شنیدن
زبان خارجی کمک کرده است. نتایج پیشرفت معنی داری (P < .05) در توانایی شنیداری
و تأثیر مثبت بر انگیزش دانشجویان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی برای یارگیری زبان
را نشان داد. توصیه هایی برای کمک به غلبه بر دلسردی ناشی از سرعت صحبت گوینده
موّاد آموزشی اصیل ارائه شده است. کاربردهای آموزشی این نتایج به همراه تأثیر آنها
بر پربارتر شدن درک مطلب شنیداری دانشجویان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی بررّسی و
ارائه گردیده است.
Acknowledgements
It is the highest time I seized the opportunity
to offer my most genuine and profound words of gratitude to many people to whom
I owe the accomplishment of this research. Among many people who have bestowed,
most kindly, their invaluable help upon me I should specifically thank my
honorable thesis advisor, Dr.Karkia, who patiently went through every line of
this thesis and provided me with many insightful comments and invaluable
suggestions. I would also like to extend my sincere appreciation and gratitude
to Dr. Ghahremani Ghajar, my thesis reader, for her most professional
guidelines, meticulous reading of this manuscript, making insightful suggestions
and corrections; for her expertise and time. I am also very much grateful to Dr.
Rahimi for her critical evaluation, and judgment of this thesis.
Also my thanks and best wishes go to all students
who participated in the present study, without whose cooperation this research
would not have been conducted.
Last, by no means least, a truly cordial sense of
thankfulness to my parents General Ali Ghaderpanahi and Firooze Nobariyan for
their support and everlasting encouragement throughout my educational years.
ABSTRACT
The fundamental purpose of this study
was to examine the influences of aural authentic materials on listening ability
of thirty female undergraduate psychology majors studying English as a foreign
language. The secondary purposes of the study were to identify the learning
strategies used by EFL students experiencing authentic listening texts and to
determine the influences of authentic materials on EFL students’ attitudes
towards learning English.
A quantitative and qualitative analysis was
offered in this study. It basically focused on using authentic materials and
real-life situations as part of the communicative approach. Sources for
designing and implementing effective listening strategy instruction and the
transcript of one-hour videotaped session were recorded and analyzed. The
results of the listening comprehension posttest were compared to that of the
pretest using a 2-tailed t-test (p < .05). A one-way ANOVA on the mean
strategy use was applied (p < .05).The results of the qualitative data
analysis were in line with and confirmed that of quantitative. Analysis of the
interviews and the questionnaires revealed that the use of authentic materials
in the EFL classroom helped increase students’ comfort level and their
self-confidence to listen to the foreign language. Results showed a
statistically significant improvement in listening ability, as well as the
positive effect on EFL students’ motivation to learn the language.
Recommendations were offered to ease students’ frustration that resulted from
the speed of authentic speech. Pedagogical implications of the results were
discussed along with the impact on EFL students’ listening comprehension
development.
List of Tables
Table 1: Source of
Data
48
Table 2: Demographic data of
Strategy 51
Table 3: Analysis of
Data
62
Table 4: Interview
Results
68
Table 5: Results from Class
Observation 70
Table 6: Students’ Responses on Self-Evaluation
Questionnaire 71
Table 7: Interviews with Students on Learning
Strategy Use 74
Table 18: Class Observation on Learning Strategy
Use 75
Table 9: Responses to Questionnaire on Learning
Strategy Use 78